further progress

README.md

@@ -1,2 +1,45 @@
 # plsm
-Mainly functional general purpose programming language
+
+Toy general purpose systems programming lanugage
+
+## Hello World Example (+ unicode, yeah)
+
+This example just looks like C without its syntax when in reality, plsm aims to be different. It shall have support for classes, lambdas, interfaces/traits and easy modularization.
+
+```plsm
+fun write(fd : i64, msg : &u8, len : u64) i64 {
+  inline asm (
+    "mov $0, %rax"         // syscall: write
+    "mov $1, %rdi"         // file descriptor: stdout
+    "mov $2, %rsi"         // message to write
+    "mov $3, %rdx"         // length of message
+    "syscall"              // make the syscall
+    :
+    : "r"(1 as i64), "r"(1 as i64), "r"(msg), "r"(len)  // input: different params
+    : "rax", "rdi", "rsi", "rdx"                        // clobbered registers
+  );
+
+  ret 0;
+}
+
+fun exit(code : u8) i64 {
+  inline asm (
+    "mov $0, %rax"
+    "mov $1, %rdi"
+    "syscall"
+    :
+    : "r"(60 as i64), "r"(code as i64)
+    : "rax", "rdi"
+  );
+
+  ret 0;
+}
+
+fun main(argc : i32) u8 {
+  write(1, "Hello World!\n", 14);
+  write(1, "Ə Ɛ Ƒ ƒ Ɠ Ɣ ƕ Ɩ Ɨ Ƙ ƙ ƚ ƛ Ɯ Ɲ ƞ Ɵ Ơ ơ Ƣ ƣ Ƥ ƥ\n", 69);
+  exit(10);
+
+  ret 0;
+}
+```

compiler/.vscode/settings.json

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
     "${workspaceFolder}/build/antlr4_runtime/src/antlr4_runtime/runtime/Cpp/runtime/src",
     "/usr/lib64/llvm18/include",
   ],
+  "clang-format.style": "{ColumnLimit: 110}",
   "files.associations": {
     "*.embeddedhtml": "html",
     "iosfwd": "cpp",

compiler/include/AST/AST.h

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
 #include "Stmt/WhileStmt.h"
 
 #include "Type/FunctionType.h"
+#include "Type/PointerType.h"
 #include "Type/PrimitiveType.h"
 
 #include "TypeName/NamedTypeName.h"
+#include "TypeName/PointerTypeName.h"

compiler/include/AST/Base.h

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ class LambdaExpr;
 class UnExpr;
 class IntValue;
 class FloatValue;
+class StringValue;
 
 class Import;
 class Module;
@@ -37,11 +38,14 @@ class ExprStmt;
 class FnParam;
 class FnDecl;
 class IfStmt;
+class InlineAsm;
+class InlineAsmConstraint;
 class RetStmt;
 class VarDecl;
 class WhileStmt;
 
 class NamedTypeName;
+class PointerTypeName;
 
 class ASTVisitor {
 public:
@@ -55,6 +59,7 @@ public:
   virtual std::any visit(UnExpr &unExpr, std::any param) = 0;
   virtual std::any visit(IntValue &intValue, std::any param) = 0;
   virtual std::any visit(FloatValue &floatValue, std::any param) = 0;
+  virtual std::any visit(StringValue &stringValue, std::any param) = 0;
 
   virtual std::any visit(Import &import, std::any param) = 0;
   virtual std::any visit(Module &module, std::any param) = 0;
@@ -65,14 +70,14 @@ public:
   virtual std::any visit(FnParam &fnParam, std::any param) = 0;
   virtual std::any visit(FnDecl &fnDecl, std::any param) = 0;
   virtual std::any visit(IfStmt &ifStmt, std::any param) = 0;
-  virtual std::any visit(InlineAsmConstraint &inlineAsmConstraint,
+  virtual std::any visit(InlineAsmConstraint &inlineAsmConstraint, std::any param) = 0;
-                         std::any param) = 0;
   virtual std::any visit(InlineAsm &inlineAsm, std::any param) = 0;
   virtual std::any visit(RetStmt &retStmt, std::any param) = 0;
   virtual std::any visit(VarDecl &varDecl, std::any param) = 0;
   virtual std::any visit(WhileStmt &whileStmt, std::any param) = 0;
 
   virtual std::any visit(NamedTypeName &namedTypeName, std::any param) = 0;
+  virtual std::any visit(PointerTypeName &pointerTypeName, std::any param) = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace ast
@@ -89,8 +94,7 @@ public:
 
 protected:
   template <class CurrNode>
-  static inline boost::json::value getJsonProperty(boost::json::value json,
+  static inline boost::json::value getJsonProperty(boost::json::value json, std::string property) {
-                                                   std::string property) {
     boost::json::value prop;
     try {
       if (!json.as_object().contains(property))
@@ -98,8 +102,8 @@ protected:
       prop = json.as_object().at(property);
     } catch (...) {
       std::cout << boost::json::serialize(json) << std::endl;
-      throw std::runtime_error("missing property '" + property + "' in " +
+      throw std::runtime_error("missing property '" + property + "' in " + typeid(CurrNode).name() +
-                               typeid(CurrNode).name() + "::fromJson");
+                               "::fromJson");
     }
 
     return prop;
@@ -111,22 +115,18 @@ protected:
     try {
       return boost::json::value_to<T>(prop);
     } catch (...) {
-      throw std::runtime_error("invalid value for property '" + property +
+      throw std::runtime_error("invalid value for property '" + property + "' in " + typeid(CurrNode).name() +
-                               "' in " + typeid(CurrNode).name() +
                                "::fromJson");
     }
   }
 
   template <class CurrNode, class SubNode>
-  static inline auto fromJsonProperty(boost::json::value json,
+  static inline auto fromJsonProperty(boost::json::value json, std::string property) {
-                                      std::string property) {
+    return std::unique_ptr<SubNode>(SubNode::fromJson(getJsonProperty<CurrNode>(json, property)));
-    return std::unique_ptr<SubNode>(
-        SubNode::fromJson(getJsonProperty<CurrNode>(json, property)));
   }
 
   template <class CurrNode, class SubNode>
-  static inline auto fromJsonVector(boost::json::value json,
+  static inline auto fromJsonVector(boost::json::value json, std::string property) {
-                                    std::string property) {
     auto arr = getJsonProperty<CurrNode>(json, property).as_array();
 
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<SubNode>> result;
@@ -140,20 +140,16 @@ protected:
 
 class SourceRange {
 public:
-  SourceRange(const std::string &file, std::string text,
+  SourceRange(const std::string &file, std::string text, std::pair<size_t, size_t> start,
-              std::pair<size_t, size_t> start, std::pair<size_t, size_t> end)
+              std::pair<size_t, size_t> end)
       : file(file), text(text), start(start), end(end) {}
 
   const std::string file, text;
   const std::pair<size_t, size_t> start, end;
 
-  static SourceRange unknown() {
+  static SourceRange unknown() { return SourceRange("<?>", "<?>", {0, 0}, {0, 0}); };
-    return SourceRange("<?>", "<?>", {0, 0}, {0, 0});
-  };
 
-  static SourceRange json() {
+  static SourceRange json() { return SourceRange("<json>", "<json>", {0, 0}, {0, 0}); };
-    return SourceRange("<json>", "<json>", {0, 0}, {0, 0});
-  };
 };
 
 class TypeName;
@@ -166,7 +162,7 @@ public:
   virtual TypeName *toTypeName() = 0;
 
   virtual bool operator==(const Type &other) = 0;
-  virtual bool operator!=(const Type &other) { return !(*this == other); }
+  virtual bool operator!=(const Type &other) { return !((*this) == other); }
 
   static Type *fromJson(boost::json::value json);
 };
@@ -187,9 +183,7 @@ public:
 
   const SourceRange sourceRange;
 
-  virtual std::string toJsonString() const {
+  virtual std::string toJsonString() const { return boost::json::serialize(toJson(), {}); }
-    return boost::json::serialize(toJson(), {});
-  }
 
   static ASTNode *fromJson(boost::json::value json);
 
@@ -200,8 +194,8 @@ public:
   virtual std::string error(const std::string &message) const {
     std::stringstream ss;
 
-    ss << "In file " << sourceRange.file << ":" << sourceRange.start.first
+    ss << "In file " << sourceRange.file << ":" << sourceRange.start.first << ":"
-       << ":" << sourceRange.start.second + 1 << "\n"
+       << sourceRange.start.second + 1 << "\n"
        << terminal::cyan << sourceRange.text << terminal::reset << "\n"
        << terminal::red << message << terminal::reset;
 

compiler/include/AST/BaseASTVisitor.h

@@ -37,9 +37,7 @@ public:
     return std::any();
   }
 
-  virtual std::any visit(Identifier &identifier, std::any param) override {
+  virtual std::any visit(Identifier &identifier, std::any param) override { return std::any(); }
-    return std::any();
-  }
 
   virtual std::any visit(LambdaExpr &lambdaExpr, std::any param) override {
     if (lambdaExpr.returnTypeName.get())
@@ -62,17 +60,13 @@ public:
     return std::any();
   }
 
-  virtual std::any visit(IntValue &intValue, std::any param) override {
+  virtual std::any visit(IntValue &intValue, std::any param) override { return std::any(); }
-    return std::any();
-  }
 
-  virtual std::any visit(FloatValue &floatValue, std::any param) override {
+  virtual std::any visit(FloatValue &floatValue, std::any param) override { return std::any(); }
-    return std::any();
-  }
 
-  virtual std::any visit(Import &import, std::any param) override {
+  virtual std::any visit(StringValue &stringValue, std::any param) override { return std::any(); }
-    return std::any();
+
-  }
+  virtual std::any visit(Import &import, std::any param) override { return std::any(); }
 
   virtual std::any visit(Module &module, std::any param) override {
     for (auto &import : module.imports) {
@@ -142,8 +136,9 @@ public:
     return std::any();
   }
 
-  virtual std::any visit(InlineAsmConstraint &inlineAsmConstraint,
+  virtual std::any visit(InlineAsmConstraint &inlineAsmConstraint, std::any param) override {
-                         std::any param) override {
+    if (inlineAsmConstraint.value.get())
+      inlineAsmConstraint.value->accept(this, param);
     return std::any();
   }
 
@@ -182,8 +177,11 @@ public:
     return std::any();
   }
 
-  virtual std::any visit(NamedTypeName &namedTypeName,
+  virtual std::any visit(NamedTypeName &namedTypeName, std::any param) override { return std::any(); }
-                         std::any param) override {
+
+  virtual std::any visit(PointerTypeName &pointerTypeName, std::any param) override {
+    if (pointerTypeName.baseTypeName.get())
+      pointerTypeName.baseTypeName->accept(this, param);
     return std::any();
   }
 };

compiler/include/AST/Expr/Value.h

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class IntValue : public Expr {
 public:
   const std::int64_t value;
 
-  IntValue(LOC_ARG, int64_t value) : Expr(sourceRange), value(value) {}
+  IntValue(LOC_ARG, std::int64_t value) : Expr(sourceRange), value(value) {}
 
   virtual boost::json::value toJson() const override;
   static IntValue *fromJson(boost::json::value json);
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class FloatValue : public Expr {
 public:
   const std::double_t value;
 
-  FloatValue(LOC_ARG, double value) : Expr(sourceRange), value(value) {}
+  FloatValue(LOC_ARG, std::double_t value) : Expr(sourceRange), value(value) {}
 
   virtual boost::json::value toJson() const override;
   static FloatValue *fromJson(boost::json::value json);
@@ -42,5 +42,19 @@ public:
   }
 };
 
+class StringValue : public Expr {
+public:
+  const std::string value;
+
+  StringValue(LOC_ARG, std::string value) : Expr(sourceRange), value(value) {}
+
+  virtual boost::json::value toJson() const override;
+  static StringValue *fromJson(boost::json::value json);
+
+  virtual std::any accept(ASTVisitor *visitor, std::any param) override {
+    return visitor->visit(*this, param);
+  }
+};
+
 } // namespace ast
 } // namespace plsm

compiler/include/AST/Stmt/InlineAsm.h

@@ -5,10 +5,11 @@ namespace ast {
 
 class InlineAsmConstraint : public ASTNode {
 public:
-  std::string constraint, variable;
+  std::string constraint;
+  std::unique_ptr<Expr> value;
 
-  InlineAsmConstraint(LOC_ARG, std::string constraint, std::string variable)
+  InlineAsmConstraint(LOC_ARG, std::string constraint, std::unique_ptr<Expr> value)
-      : ASTNode(sourceRange), constraint(constraint), variable(variable) {}
+      : ASTNode(sourceRange), constraint(constraint), value(std::move(value)) {}
 
   virtual boost::json::value toJson() const override;
   static InlineAsmConstraint *fromJson(boost::json::value json);
@@ -25,12 +26,10 @@ public:
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<InlineAsmConstraint>> inputs;
   std::vector<std::string> clobbers;
 
-  InlineAsm(LOC_ARG, std::string code,
+  InlineAsm(LOC_ARG, std::string code, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<InlineAsmConstraint>> outputs,
-            std::vector<std::unique_ptr<InlineAsmConstraint>> outputs,
+            std::vector<std::unique_ptr<InlineAsmConstraint>> inputs, std::vector<std::string> clobbers)
-            std::vector<std::unique_ptr<InlineAsmConstraint>> inputs,
+      : Stmt(sourceRange), code(code), outputs(std::move(outputs)), inputs(std::move(inputs)),
-            std::vector<std::string> clobbers)
+        clobbers(std::move(clobbers)) {}
-      : Stmt(sourceRange), code(code), outputs(std::move(outputs)),
-        inputs(std::move(inputs)), clobbers(clobbers) {}
 
   virtual boost::json::value toJson() const override;
   static InlineAsm *fromJson(boost::json::value json);

compiler/include/AST/Type/PointerType.h

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "AST/Base.h"
+
+namespace plsm {
+namespace ast {
+
+class PointerType : public Type {
+public:
+  const std::shared_ptr<Type> baseType;
+
+  PointerType(const std::shared_ptr<Type> &baseType) : Type(), baseType(baseType) {}
+
+  virtual TypeName *toTypeName() override;
+
+  virtual bool operator==(const Type &other) override {
+    if (const PointerType *pt = dynamic_cast<const PointerType *>(&other)) {
+      return *baseType == *pt->baseType;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  virtual boost::json::value toJson() const override;
+  static PointerType *fromJson(boost::json::value json);
+};
+
+} // namespace ast
+} // namespace plsm

compiler/include/AST/TypeName/PointerTypeName.h

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "AST/Base.h"
+
+namespace plsm {
+namespace ast {
+
+class PointerTypeName : public TypeName {
+public:
+  const std::unique_ptr<TypeName> baseTypeName;
+
+  PointerTypeName(LOC_ARG, std::unique_ptr<TypeName> baseTypeName)
+      : TypeName(sourceRange), baseTypeName(std::move(baseTypeName)) {}
+
+  virtual boost::json::value toJson() const override;
+  static PointerTypeName *fromJson(boost::json::value json);
+
+  virtual std::any accept(ASTVisitor *visitor, std::any param) override {
+    return visitor->visit(*this, param);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace ast
+} // namespace plsm

compiler/plsm.g4

@@ -103,16 +103,25 @@ stmt
 
 inlineAsm
 	returns[std::unique_ptr<InlineAsm> ast]:
-	'inline' 'asm' '(' inlineAsmCode = string (
+	'inline' 'asm' '(' (inlineAsmCode += string)+ (
-		':' outputs += inlineAsmConstraint (
+		':' (
+			outputs += inlineAsmConstraint (
 				',' outputs += inlineAsmConstraint
 			)*
+		)?
 	)? (
-		':' inputs += inlineAsmConstraint (
+		':' (
+			inputs += inlineAsmConstraint (
 				',' inputs += inlineAsmConstraint
 			)*
-	)? (':' clobbers += string ( ',' clobbers += string)*)? ')' ';' {
+		)?
-        auto code = $ctx->inlineAsmCode->value;
+	)? (':' (clobbers += string ( ',' clobbers += string)*)?)? ')' ';' {
+          std::string code = "";
+          for (auto &asmCode : $ctx->inlineAsmCode) {
+               code += asmCode->value;
+               code += ";";
+          }
+          code.pop_back();
 
           std::vector<std::unique_ptr<InlineAsmConstraint>> outputs;
           for (auto &output : $ctx->outputs) {
@@ -135,10 +144,16 @@ inlineAsm
 
 inlineAsmConstraint
 	returns[std::unique_ptr<InlineAsmConstraint> ast]:
-	string '(' IDENTIFIER ')' {
+	string '(' expr ')' {
         auto constraint = $ctx->string()->value;
-        auto variable = $ctx->IDENTIFIER()->getText();
+        $ast = std::make_unique<InlineAsmConstraint>(getSourceRange($ctx), constraint, std::move($ctx->expr()->ast));
-        $ast = std::make_unique<InlineAsmConstraint>(getSourceRange($ctx), constraint, variable);
+    };
+
+inlineAsmLvalueConstraint
+	returns[std::unique_ptr<InlineAsmConstraint> ast]:
+	string '(' lvalue ')' {
+        auto constraint = $ctx->string()->value;
+        $ast = std::make_unique<InlineAsmConstraint>(getSourceRange($ctx), constraint, std::move($ctx->lvalue()->ast));
     };
 
 whileStmt
@@ -185,10 +200,16 @@ implDeclAssignStmt
 
 assignStmt
 	returns[std::unique_ptr<AssignStmt> ast]:
-	lval = expr '=' rval = expr ';' {
+	lval = lvalue '=' rval = expr ';' {
           $ast = std::make_unique<AssignStmt>(getSourceRange($ctx), std::move($ctx->lval->ast), std::move($ctx->rval->ast));
      };
 
+lvalue
+	returns[std::unique_ptr<Expr> ast]:
+	identifier {
+          $ast = ptrcast<Expr>($ctx->identifier()->ast);
+     };
+
 retStmt
 	returns[std::unique_ptr<RetStmt> ast]:
 	'ret' expr ';' {
@@ -361,6 +382,9 @@ factorExpr
      }
 	| lambdaExpr {
           $ast = ptrcast<Expr>($ctx->lambdaExpr()->ast);
+     }
+	| string {
+          $ast = std::unique_ptr<Expr>((Expr *) new StringValue(getSourceRange($ctx), $ctx->string()->value));
      }
 	| '(' expr ')' {
           $ast = std::move($ctx->expr()->ast);
@@ -394,6 +418,11 @@ typeName
           auto text = $ctx->IDENTIFIER()->getText();
           auto named = std::make_unique<NamedTypeName>(getSourceRange($ctx), text);
           $ast = ptrcast<TypeName>(named);
+     }
+	| '&' typeName {
+          auto typeName = std::move($ctx->typeName()->ast);
+          auto ptr = std::make_unique<PointerTypeName>(getSourceRange($ctx), std::move(typeName));
+          $ast = ptrcast<TypeName>(ptr);
      };
 
 string
@@ -404,6 +433,12 @@ string
           $value = decoded.as_string();
      };
 
+identifier
+	returns[std::unique_ptr<Identifier> ast]:
+	IDENTIFIER {
+          $ast = std::make_unique<Identifier>(getSourceRange($ctx), $ctx->IDENTIFIER()->getText());
+     };
+
 STRING: '"' (ESC | ~["\\\r\n])* '"';
 fragment ESC: '\\' (["\\/bfnrt] | 'u' HEX HEX HEX HEX);
 fragment HEX: [0-9a-fA-F];

compiler/src/AST/Expr/Value.cpp

@@ -22,5 +22,11 @@ FloatValue *FloatValue::fromJson(boost::json::value json) {
   return new FloatValue(SourceRange::json(), json.as_double());
 }
 
+boost::json::value StringValue::toJson() const { return boost::json::value_from(value); }
+
+StringValue *StringValue::fromJson(boost::json::value json) {
+  return new StringValue(SourceRange::json(), json.as_string().c_str());
+}
+
 } // namespace ast
 } // namespace plsm

compiler/src/AST/Stmt/InlineAsm.cpp

@@ -8,37 +8,34 @@ boost::json::value InlineAsmConstraint::toJson() const {
   return {
       {"@type", "InlineAsmConstraint"},
       {"constraint", constraint},
-      {"variable", variable},
+      {"value", value->toJson()},
   };
 }
 
 InlineAsmConstraint *InlineAsmConstraint::fromJson(boost::json::value json) {
-  auto constraint =
+  auto constraint = getJsonValue<InlineAsmConstraint, std::string>(json, "constraint");
-      getJsonValue<InlineAsmConstraint, std::string>(json, "constraint");
+  auto value = fromJsonProperty<InlineAsmConstraint, Expr>(json, "value");
-  auto variable =
+  return new InlineAsmConstraint(SourceRange::json(), constraint, std::move(value));
-      getJsonValue<InlineAsmConstraint, std::string>(json, "variable");
-  return new InlineAsmConstraint(SourceRange::json(), constraint, variable);
 }
 
 boost::json::value InlineAsm::toJson() const {
+  boost::json::array jsonClobbers;
+
   return {
       {"@type", "InlineAsm"},
       {"code", code},
       {"outputs", utils::mapToJson(outputs)},
       {"inputs", utils::mapToJson(inputs)},
-      {"clobbers", clobbers},
+      {"clobbers", utils::mapToJson(clobbers, [](const std::string &clobber) { return clobber; })},
   };
 }
 
 InlineAsm *InlineAsm::fromJson(boost::json::value json) {
   auto name = getJsonValue<InlineAsm, std::string>(json, "name");
-  auto outputs =
+  auto outputs = fromJsonVector<InlineAsm, InlineAsmConstraint>(json, "outputs");
-      fromJsonVector<InlineAsm, InlineAsmConstraint>(json, "outputs");
   auto inputs = fromJsonVector<InlineAsm, InlineAsmConstraint>(json, "inputs");
-  auto clobbers =
+  auto clobbers = getJsonValue<InlineAsm, std::vector<std::string>>(json, "clobbers");
-      getJsonValue<InlineAsm, std::vector<std::string>>(json, "clobbers");
+  return new InlineAsm(SourceRange::json(), name, std::move(outputs), std::move(inputs), std::move(clobbers));
-  return new InlineAsm(SourceRange::json(), name, std::move(outputs),
-                       std::move(inputs), clobbers);
 }
 
 } // namespace ast

compiler/src/AST/Type/PointerType.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#include "AST/AST.h"
+#include "AST/Base.h"
+#include "AST/TypeName/NamedTypeName.h"
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace plsm {
+namespace ast {
+
+boost::json::value PointerType::toJson() const {
+  return {
+      {"@type", "PointerType"},
+      {"baseType", baseType->toJson()},
+  };
+}
+
+PointerType *PointerType::fromJson(boost::json::value json) {
+  auto baseType = fromJsonProperty<PointerType, Type>(json, "baseType");
+  return new PointerType(std::shared_ptr<Type>(baseType.release()));
+}
+
+TypeName *PointerType::toTypeName() { return nullptr; }
+
+} // namespace ast
+} // namespace plsm

compiler/src/AST/TypeName/PointerTypeName.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#include "AST/AST.h"
+
+namespace plsm {
+namespace ast {
+
+boost::json::value PointerTypeName::toJson() const {
+  return {
+      {"@type", "PointerTypeName"},
+      {"baseTypeName", baseTypeName->toJson()},
+  };
+}
+
+PointerTypeName *PointerTypeName::fromJson(boost::json::value json) {
+  auto baseTypeName = fromJsonProperty<PointerTypeName, TypeName>(json, "baseTypeName");
+  return new PointerTypeName(SourceRange::json(), std::move(baseTypeName));
+}
+
+} // namespace ast
+} // namespace plsm

compiler/src/Visitors/Compiler.cpp

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <llvm/CodeGen/Passes.h>
 #include <llvm/IR/Function.h>
 #include <llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h>
+#include <llvm/IR/InlineAsm.h>
 #include <llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h>
 #include <llvm/IR/LegacyPassManager.h>
 #include <llvm/IR/Module.h>
@@ -28,8 +29,7 @@ using namespace ast;
 
 namespace {
 
-static llvm::Type *getLLVMType(llvm::LLVMContext &ctx,
+static llvm::Type *getLLVMType(llvm::LLVMContext &ctx, const std::shared_ptr<Type> &type) {
-                               const std::shared_ptr<Type> &type) {
   if (utils::is<PrimitiveType>(type.get())) {
     auto primitiveType = (PrimitiveType *)type.get();
     if (primitiveType->name == "i8" || primitiveType->name == "u8")
@@ -48,14 +48,20 @@ static llvm::Type *getLLVMType(llvm::LLVMContext &ctx,
       return llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(ctx);
   }
 
+  else if (utils::is<PointerType>(type.get())) {
+    auto pointerType = (PointerType *)type.get();
+    auto baseType = getLLVMType(ctx, pointerType->baseType);
+    return baseType->getPointerTo();
+  }
+
   else if (utils::is<FunctionType>(type.get())) {
     auto functionType = (FunctionType *)type.get();
     auto returnType = getLLVMType(ctx, functionType->returnType);
 
     std::vector<llvm::Type *> llvmParams;
-    llvmParams.push_back(llvm::IntegerType::get(ctx, 8)->getPointerTo());
     for (auto &paramType : functionType->paramTypes)
       llvmParams.push_back(getLLVMType(ctx, paramType));
+    llvmParams.push_back(llvm::IntegerType::get(ctx, 8)->getPointerTo());
 
     return llvm::FunctionType::get(returnType, llvmParams, false);
   }
@@ -72,29 +78,20 @@ class IRGenerator1 : public BaseASTVisitor {
   std::set<llvm::Value *> &functions;
 
 public:
-  IRGenerator1(llvm::LLVMContext &ctx, llvm::Module &mod,
+  IRGenerator1(llvm::LLVMContext &ctx, llvm::Module &mod, llvm::IRBuilder<> &builder,
-               llvm::IRBuilder<> &builder,
+               std::map<Symbol *, llvm::Value *> &symbolMap, std::set<llvm::Value *> &functions)
-               std::map<Symbol *, llvm::Value *> &symbolMap,
+      : ctx(ctx), mod(mod), builder(builder), symbolMap(symbolMap), functions(functions) {}
-               std::set<llvm::Value *> &functions)
-      : ctx(ctx), mod(mod), builder(builder), symbolMap(symbolMap),
-        functions(functions) {}
 
   virtual std::any visit(VarDecl &varDecl, std::any param) override {
     auto llvmType = getLLVMType(ctx, varDecl.symbol->type);
-
-    // auto global = new llvm::GlobalVariable(mod, llvmType, false,
-    //                                        llvm::GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage,
-    //                                        nullptr, varDecl.name);
     auto global = mod.getOrInsertGlobal(varDecl.name, llvmType);
-
     symbolMap[varDecl.symbol.get()] = global;
 
     return std::any();
   }
 
   virtual std::any visit(FnDecl &fnDecl, std::any param) override {
-    auto functionType =
+    auto functionType = (llvm::FunctionType *)getLLVMType(ctx, fnDecl.symbol->type);
-        (llvm::FunctionType *)getLLVMType(ctx, fnDecl.symbol->type);
 
     mod.getOrInsertFunction(fnDecl.name, functionType);
     auto function = mod.getFunction(fnDecl.name);
@@ -117,53 +114,51 @@ class IRGenerator2 : public BaseASTVisitor {
   llvm::Value *retStore = nullptr;
   llvm::BasicBlock *retBlock = nullptr;
 
-  llvm::Value *rvalueForLValue = nullptr;
+  bool requireLValue = false;
 
-  size_t labelCounter = 0;
+  llvm::StructType *closureType = nullptr;
-  std::string createLabel() { return "L" + std::to_string(labelCounter++); }
+  llvm::PointerType *pointerType = nullptr;
 
   llvm::Value *wrapCallee(llvm::Value *callee) {
-    auto ptr = llvm::IntegerType::get(ctx, 8)->getPointerTo();
+    auto value = (llvm::Value *)llvm::UndefValue::get(closureType);
-    auto structType = llvm::StructType::get(ptr, callee->getType());
+    auto calleePointer = builder.CreatePointerCast(callee, pointerType);
+    value = builder.CreateInsertValue(value, calleePointer, 0);
+    auto nullContext = llvm::ConstantPointerNull::get(pointerType);
+    value = builder.CreateInsertValue(value, nullContext, 1);
 
-    auto store = builder.CreateAlloca(structType);
+    return value;
-    auto ep = builder.CreateStructGEP(structType, store, 0);
-    builder.CreateStore(llvm::ConstantPointerNull::get(ptr), ep);
-    ep = builder.CreateStructGEP(structType, store, 1);
-    builder.CreateStore(callee, ep);
-
-    return store;
 
     // (f() -> asdf) -> { context, f() -> asdf }
   }
 
 public:
-  IRGenerator2(llvm::LLVMContext &ctx, llvm::Module &mod,
+  IRGenerator2(llvm::LLVMContext &ctx, llvm::Module &mod, llvm::IRBuilder<> &builder,
-               llvm::IRBuilder<> &builder,
+               std::map<Symbol *, llvm::Value *> &symbolMap, std::set<llvm::Value *> &functions)
-               std::map<Symbol *, llvm::Value *> &symbolMap,
+      : ctx(ctx), mod(mod), builder(builder), symbolMap(symbolMap), functions(functions) {
-               std::set<llvm::Value *> &functions)
+    this->pointerType = llvm::IntegerType::get(ctx, 8)->getPointerTo();
-      : ctx(ctx), mod(mod), builder(builder), symbolMap(symbolMap),
+    this->closureType = llvm::StructType::get(pointerType, pointerType);
-        functions(functions) {}
+  }
 
   virtual std::any visit(FnDecl &fnDecl, std::any param) override {
     auto function = mod.getFunction(fnDecl.name);
-    auto block = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, createLabel(), function);
+    auto block = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, "", function);
     builder.SetInsertPoint(block);
 
     size_t i = 0;
     for (auto &arg : function->args()) {
-      if (i > 0) {
+      if (i == fnDecl.params.size())
+        break;
+
       auto store = builder.CreateAlloca(arg.getType(), nullptr);
       builder.CreateStore(&arg, store);
-        symbolMap[fnDecl.params[i - 1]->symbol.get()] = store;
+      symbolMap[fnDecl.params[i]->symbol.get()] = store;
-      }
 
       i += 1;
     }
 
     auto fnType = (llvm::FunctionType *)getLLVMType(ctx, fnDecl.symbol->type);
     retStore = builder.CreateAlloca(fnType->getReturnType());
-    retBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, createLabel(), function);
+    retBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, "", function);
 
     BaseASTVisitor::visit(fnDecl, param);
     if (!fnDecl.body->alywasReturns())
@@ -268,8 +263,7 @@ public:
   }
 
   virtual std::any visit(CastExpr &castExpr, std::any param) override {
-    auto value =
+    auto value = std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(castExpr.value->accept(this, param));
-        std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(castExpr.value->accept(this, param));
 
     if (utils::is<PrimitiveType>(castExpr.value->type.get()) &&
         utils::is<PrimitiveType>(castExpr.type.get())) {
@@ -278,11 +272,9 @@ public:
 
       auto newType = getLLVMType(ctx, castExpr.type);
 
-      auto wasFloat =
+      auto wasFloat = primitiveType->name == "float" || primitiveType->name == "double";
-          primitiveType->name == "float" || primitiveType->name == "double";
       auto wasUnsigned = primitiveType->name[0] == 'u';
-      auto willFloat = newPrimitiveType->name == "float" ||
+      auto willFloat = newPrimitiveType->name == "float" || newPrimitiveType->name == "double";
-                       newPrimitiveType->name == "double";
       auto willUnsigned = newPrimitiveType->name[0] == 'u';
 
       if (wasFloat) {
@@ -320,63 +312,69 @@ public:
   }
 
   virtual std::any visit(CallExpr &callExpr, std::any param) override {
-    auto callee =
+    auto callee = std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(callExpr.callee->accept(this, param));
-        std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(callExpr.callee->accept(this, param));
 
-    auto ptrType = llvm::IntegerType::get(ctx, 8)->getPointerTo();
+    auto realCallee = builder.CreateExtractValue(callee, 0);
-    auto structType = llvm::StructType::get(ptrType, ptrType);
+    auto callCtx = builder.CreateExtractValue(callee, 1);
-    auto ep = builder.CreateStructGEP(structType, callee, 0);
-    auto callCtx = builder.CreateLoad(ptrType, ep);
-
-    ep = builder.CreateStructGEP(structType, callee, 1);
-    auto realCallee = (llvm::Value *)builder.CreateLoad(ptrType, ep);
-
-    // realCallee = builder.CreatePointerCast(realCallee, calleeType);
 
     std::vector<llvm::Value *> llvmArgs;
+    for (auto &arg : callExpr.args)
+      llvmArgs.push_back(std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(arg->accept(this, param)));
     llvmArgs.push_back(callCtx);
-    for (auto &arg : callExpr.args) {
-      llvmArgs.push_back(
-          std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(arg->accept(this, param)));
-    }
 
-    auto calleeType =
+    auto calleeType = (llvm::FunctionType *)getLLVMType(ctx, callExpr.callee->type);
-        (llvm::FunctionType *)getLLVMType(ctx, callExpr.callee->type);
     return (llvm::Value *)builder.CreateCall(calleeType, realCallee, llvmArgs);
   }
 
   virtual std::any visit(Identifier &identifier, std::any param) override {
     auto value = symbolMap[identifier.symbol.get()];
 
-    if (rvalueForLValue) {
+    if (requireLValue)
-      builder.CreateStore(rvalueForLValue, value);
+      return value;
-      return nullptr;
-    }
 
-    else {
     if (functions.count(value))
       return wrapCallee(value);
     if (utils::is<FunctionType>(identifier.type.get()))
-        return value;
+      return (llvm::Value *)builder.CreateLoad(closureType, value);
 
     auto loadType = getLLVMType(ctx, identifier.type);
     return (llvm::Value *)builder.CreateLoad(loadType, value);
   }
-  }
 
   virtual std::any visit(IntValue &intValue, std::any param) override {
-    return (llvm::Value *)llvm::ConstantInt::get(
+    return (llvm::Value *)llvm::ConstantInt::get(getLLVMType(ctx, intValue.type), intValue.value);
-        getLLVMType(ctx, intValue.type), intValue.value);
   }
 
   virtual std::any visit(FloatValue &floatValue, std::any param) override {
-    return (llvm::Value *)llvm::ConstantFP::get(
+    return (llvm::Value *)llvm::ConstantFP::get(getLLVMType(ctx, floatValue.type), floatValue.value);
-        getLLVMType(ctx, floatValue.type), floatValue.value);
+  }
+
+  virtual std::any visit(StringValue &stringValue, std::any param) override {
+    return (llvm::Value *)builder.CreateGlobalStringPtr(stringValue.value);
+
+    auto valType = llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(ctx);
+
+    auto size = stringValue.value.size() + 1;
+    auto store = builder.CreateAlloca(llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(ctx), size);
+
+    size_t i = 0;
+    for (auto &c : stringValue.value) {
+      auto ep = builder.CreateConstGEP1_64(valType, store, i);
+      builder.CreateStore(llvm::ConstantInt::get(valType, c), ep);
+      i += 1;
+    }
+
+    // add null terminator
+    auto ep = builder.CreateConstGEP1_64(valType, store, i);
+    builder.CreateStore(llvm::ConstantInt::get(valType, 0), ep);
+
+    auto ptr = builder.CreatePointerCast(store, pointerType);
+
+    return (llvm::Value *)ptr;
   }
 
   virtual std::any visit(RetStmt &retStmt, std::any param) override {
-    auto value =
+    auto value = std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(retStmt.value->accept(this, param));
-        std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(retStmt.value->accept(this, param));
 
     builder.CreateStore(value, retStore);
     builder.CreateBr(retBlock);
@@ -385,16 +383,15 @@ public:
   }
 
   virtual std::any visit(IfStmt &ifStmt, std::any param) override {
-    auto cond =
+    auto cond = std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(ifStmt.condition->accept(this, param));
-        std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(ifStmt.condition->accept(this, param));
 
     auto fn = builder.GetInsertBlock()->getParent();
-    auto ifBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, createLabel(), fn);
+    auto ifBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, "", fn);
-    auto elseBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, createLabel(), fn);
+    auto elseBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, "", fn);
 
     llvm::BasicBlock *endBlock = nullptr;
     if (!ifStmt.alywasReturns())
-      endBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, createLabel(), fn);
+      endBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, "", fn);
 
     builder.CreateCondBr(cond, ifBlock, elseBlock);
 
@@ -416,15 +413,14 @@ public:
 
   virtual std::any visit(WhileStmt &whileStmt, std::any param) override {
     auto fn = builder.GetInsertBlock()->getParent();
-    auto condBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, createLabel(), fn);
+    auto condBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, "", fn);
-    auto whileBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, createLabel(), fn);
+    auto whileBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, "", fn);
-    auto endBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, createLabel(), fn);
+    auto endBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, "", fn);
 
     builder.CreateBr(condBlock);
 
     builder.SetInsertPoint(condBlock);
-    auto cond =
+    auto cond = std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(whileStmt.condition->accept(this, param));
-        std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(whileStmt.condition->accept(this, param));
     builder.CreateCondBr(cond, whileBlock, endBlock);
 
     builder.SetInsertPoint(whileBlock);
@@ -438,12 +434,56 @@ public:
   }
 
   virtual std::any visit(AssignStmt &assignStmt, std::any param) override {
-    auto rvalue =
+    auto rvalue = std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(assignStmt.rval->accept(this, param));
-        std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(assignStmt.rval->accept(this, param));
 
-    rvalueForLValue = rvalue;
+    requireLValue = true;
-    auto lvalue = assignStmt.lval->accept(this, param);
+    auto lvalue = std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(assignStmt.lval->accept(this, param));
-    rvalueForLValue = nullptr;
+    requireLValue = false;
+
+    builder.CreateStore(rvalue, lvalue);
+
+    return std::any();
+  }
+
+  virtual std::any visit(InlineAsm &inlineAsm, std::any param) override {
+    // Handle the inline assembly code.
+    auto codeValue = builder.CreateGlobalStringPtr(inlineAsm.code);
+
+    // Build constraints string for LLVM InlineAsm
+    std::string asmConstraints;
+    for (const auto &output : inlineAsm.outputs)
+      asmConstraints += "=" + output->constraint + ",";
+    for (const auto &input : inlineAsm.inputs)
+      asmConstraints += input->constraint + ",";
+    for (const auto &clobber : inlineAsm.clobbers)
+      asmConstraints += "~{" + clobber + "}" + ",";
+    if (!asmConstraints.empty())
+      asmConstraints.pop_back(); // Remove trailing comma
+
+    // Process inputs and prepare arguments
+    std::vector<llvm::Value *> llvmArgs;
+    for (const auto &output : inlineAsm.outputs) {
+      requireLValue = true;
+      auto outputValue = std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(output->value->accept(this, param));
+      requireLValue = false;
+
+      llvmArgs.push_back(outputValue);
+    }
+
+    for (const auto &input : inlineAsm.inputs) {
+      auto inputValue = std::any_cast<llvm::Value *>(input->value->accept(this, param));
+      llvmArgs.push_back(inputValue);
+    }
+
+    std::vector<llvm::Type *> paramTypes;
+    for (const auto &arg : llvmArgs)
+      paramTypes.push_back(arg->getType());
+
+    auto asmType = llvm::FunctionType::get(llvm::Type::getVoidTy(ctx), paramTypes, false);
+    auto inlineAsmValue = llvm::InlineAsm::get(asmType, inlineAsm.code, asmConstraints,
+                                               true /* hasSideEffects */, false /* isAlignStack */);
+
+    builder.CreateCall(inlineAsmValue, llvmArgs);
 
     return std::any();
   }
@@ -466,8 +506,8 @@ static void runMPM(llvm::Module &mod) {
 
   passBuilder.crossRegisterProxies(lam, fam, gam, mam);
 
-  mpm = passBuilder.buildModuleOptimizationPipeline(
+  mpm = passBuilder.buildModuleOptimizationPipeline(llvm::OptimizationLevel::O3,
-      llvm::OptimizationLevel::O3, llvm::ThinOrFullLTOPhase::None);
+                                                    llvm::ThinOrFullLTOPhase::None);
 
   mpm.run(mod, mam);
 
@@ -477,8 +517,7 @@ static void runMPM(llvm::Module &mod) {
   lam.clear();
 }
 
-static void writeToFile(llvm::LLVMContext &ctx, llvm::Module &mod,
+static void writeToFile(llvm::LLVMContext &ctx, llvm::Module &mod, llvm::IRBuilder<> &builder,
-                        llvm::IRBuilder<> &builder,
                         const std::string &outfile) {
   llvm::InitializeAllTargetInfos();
   llvm::InitializeAllTargets();
@@ -495,8 +534,7 @@ static void writeToFile(llvm::LLVMContext &ctx, llvm::Module &mod,
   if (!t)
     throw std::runtime_error(err);
 
-  llvm::TargetMachine *targetMachine =
+  llvm::TargetMachine *targetMachine = t->createTargetMachine(target, "", "", llvm::TargetOptions(),
-      t->createTargetMachine(target, "", "", llvm::TargetOptions(),
                                                               // TODO: make configurable
                                                               llvm::Reloc::PIC_);
 
@@ -514,8 +552,7 @@ static void writeToFile(llvm::LLVMContext &ctx, llvm::Module &mod,
   pm.add(new llvm::TargetLibraryInfoWrapperPass());
   pm.add(new llvm::MachineModuleInfoWrapperPass(&tm));
 
-  bool objResult = targetMachine->addPassesToEmitFile(
+  bool objResult = targetMachine->addPassesToEmitFile(pm, dest, nullptr, llvm::CodeGenFileType::ObjectFile);
-      pm, dest, nullptr, llvm::CodeGenFileType::ObjectFile);
 
   if (objResult)
     throw std::runtime_error("failed to produce " + outfile);
@@ -526,8 +563,7 @@ static void writeToFile(llvm::LLVMContext &ctx, llvm::Module &mod,
 
 } // namespace
 
-void compileModule(std::unique_ptr<ast::Module> &module,
+void compileModule(std::unique_ptr<ast::Module> &module, const std::string &filename) {
-                   const std::string &filename) {
   auto moduleId = filename;
 
   llvm::LLVMContext ctx;
@@ -550,6 +586,9 @@ void compileModule(std::unique_ptr<ast::Module> &module,
     mod.print(llvm::outs(), nullptr);
     llvm::outs().flush();
     throw std::runtime_error("Module verification failed");
+  } else {
+    mod.print(llvm::outs(), nullptr);
+    llvm::outs().flush();
   }
 
   runMPM(mod); // info: does not work, programs will malfunction

compiler/src/Visitors/NameAnalysis.cpp

@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@ class NameAnalysisVisitor1 : public ast::BaseASTVisitor {
   std::vector<std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<ast::Symbol>>> *scopes;
 
 public:
-  NameAnalysisVisitor1(
+  NameAnalysisVisitor1(std::vector<std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<ast::Symbol>>> *scopes)
-      std::vector<std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<ast::Symbol>>> *scopes)
       : scopes(scopes) {}
 
   virtual std::any visit(ast::FnDecl &fnDecl, std::any param) override {
@@ -22,8 +21,7 @@ public:
       return std::any();
 
     if (scopes->back().count(fnDecl.name)) {
-      errors::put(
+      errors::put(fnDecl.error("redeclaration of global symbol '" + fnDecl.name + "'"));
-          fnDecl.error("redeclaration of global symbol '" + fnDecl.name + "'"));
       return std::any();
     }
 
@@ -39,8 +37,7 @@ public:
       return std::any();
 
     if (scopes->back().count(varDecl.name)) {
-      errors::put(varDecl.error("redeclaration of global symbol '" +
+      errors::put(varDecl.error("redeclaration of global symbol '" + varDecl.name + "'"));
-                                varDecl.name + "'"));
       return std::any();
     }
 
@@ -55,9 +52,7 @@ public:
 class NameAnalysisVisitor2 : public ast::BaseASTVisitor {
   std::vector<std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<ast::Symbol>>> *scopes;
 
-  void push() {
+  void push() { scopes->push_back(std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<ast::Symbol>>()); }
-    scopes->push_back(std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<ast::Symbol>>());
-  }
 
   void pop() { scopes->pop_back(); }
 
@@ -72,8 +67,7 @@ class NameAnalysisVisitor2 : public ast::BaseASTVisitor {
   }
 
 public:
-  NameAnalysisVisitor2(
+  NameAnalysisVisitor2(std::vector<std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<ast::Symbol>>> *scopes)
-      std::vector<std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<ast::Symbol>>> *scopes)
       : scopes(scopes) {}
 
   virtual std::any visit(ast::FnParam &fnParam, std::any param) override {
@@ -118,8 +112,7 @@ public:
     auto symbol = findSymbol(identifier.name);
 
     if (!symbol.get()) {
-      errors::put(identifier.error("unable to resolve identifier '" +
+      errors::put(identifier.error("unable to resolve identifier '" + identifier.name + "'"));
-                                   identifier.name + "'"));
       return std::any();
     }
 

compiler/src/Visitors/TypeAnalysis.cpp

@@ -32,29 +32,36 @@ static std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<PrimitiveType>> primitiveTypes = {
 };
 
 static std::shared_ptr<Type> resolveTypeName(const TypeName *typeName) {
+  if (!typeName)
+    return std::shared_ptr<Type>(nullptr);
+
   if (utils::is<NamedTypeName>(typeName)) {
     auto named = (NamedTypeName *)typeName;
     if (primitiveTypes.count(named->name))
       return primitiveTypes[named->name];
 
-    errors::put(
+    errors::put(typeName->error("unable to resolve named type '" + named->name + "'"));
-        typeName->error("unable to resolve named type '" + named->name + "'"));
     return std::shared_ptr<Type>(nullptr);
   }
 
+  if (utils::is<PointerTypeName>(typeName)) {
+    auto ptr = (PointerTypeName *)typeName;
+    auto baseType = resolveTypeName(ptr->baseTypeName.get());
+    if (baseType.get())
+      return std::make_shared<PointerType>(baseType);
+  }
+
   // TODO: function type
 
   errors::put(typeName->error("unable to resolve type"));
   return std::shared_ptr<Type>(nullptr);
 }
 
-static void castTo(std::unique_ptr<Expr> &expr,
+static void castTo(std::unique_ptr<Expr> &expr, const std::shared_ptr<Type> &type) {
-                   const std::shared_ptr<Type> &type) {
   if (*expr->type == *type)
     return;
 
-  auto cast = new CastExpr(expr->sourceRange, std::move(expr),
+  auto cast = new CastExpr(expr->sourceRange, std::move(expr), std::unique_ptr<TypeName>(type->toTypeName()));
-                           std::unique_ptr<TypeName>(type->toTypeName()));
   cast->type = type;
   cast->typeName->type = type;
 
@@ -62,19 +69,16 @@ static void castTo(std::unique_ptr<Expr> &expr,
   expr.swap(newExpr);
 }
 
-static bool tryAssignTo(std::unique_ptr<Expr> &from,
+static bool tryAssignTo(std::unique_ptr<Expr> &from, const std::shared_ptr<Type> &toType) {
-                        const std::shared_ptr<Type> &toType) {
+  if ((*from->type) == *toType)
-  if (*from->type == *toType)
     return true;
 
-  if (utils::is<PrimitiveType>(from->type.get()) &&
+  if (utils::is<PrimitiveType>(from->type.get()) && utils::is<PrimitiveType>(toType.get())) {
-      utils::is<PrimitiveType>(toType.get())) {
     PrimitiveType *fromT = (PrimitiveType *)from->type.get();
     const PrimitiveType *toT = (PrimitiveType *)toType.get();
 
     std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>> castMatrix = {
-        {"i8",
+        {"i8", {"i16", "i32", "i64", "u8", "u16", "u32", "u64", "i128", "u128"}},
-         {"i16", "i32", "i64", "u8", "u16", "u32", "u64", "i128", "u128"}},
         {"i16", {"i32", "i64", "u16", "u32", "u64", "i128", "u128"}},
         {"i32", {"i64", "u32", "u64", "i128", "u128"}},
         {"i64", {"u64", "i128", "u128"}},
@@ -103,29 +107,39 @@ static bool tryAssignTo(std::unique_ptr<Expr> &from,
     return false;
   }
 
+  else if (utils::is<PrimitiveType>(from->type.get()) && utils::is<PointerType>(toType.get())) {
+    castTo(from, toType);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  else if (utils::is<PointerType>(from->type.get()) && utils::is<PointerType>(toType.get())) {
+    castTo(from, toType);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  else if (utils::is<PointerType>(from->type.get()) && utils::is<PrimitiveType>(toType.get())) {
+    castTo(from, toType);
+    return true;
+  }
+
   return false;
 }
 
-static bool canBeCastedTo(std::unique_ptr<Expr> &from,
+static bool canBeCastedTo(std::unique_ptr<Expr> &from, const std::shared_ptr<Type> &toType) {
-                          const std::shared_ptr<Type> &toType) {
   if (*from->type == *toType)
     return true;
 
-  if (utils::is<PrimitiveType>(from->type.get()) &&
+  if (utils::is<PrimitiveType>(from->type.get()) && utils::is<PrimitiveType>(toType.get())) {
-      utils::is<PrimitiveType>(toType.get())) {
     PrimitiveType *fromT = (PrimitiveType *)from->type.get();
     const PrimitiveType *toT = (PrimitiveType *)toType.get();
 
-    std::vector<std::string> allNumberTypes = {
+    std::vector<std::string> allNumberTypes = {"i8",  "i16", "i32", "i64",  "i128",  "u8",
-        "i8",  "i16", "i32", "i64",  "i128",  "u8",
                                                "u16", "u32", "u64", "u128", "float", "double"};
     std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>> castMatrix = {
-        {"i8", allNumberTypes},    {"i16", allNumberTypes},
+        {"i8", allNumberTypes},   {"i16", allNumberTypes},   {"i32", allNumberTypes},
-        {"i32", allNumberTypes},   {"i64", allNumberTypes},
+        {"i64", allNumberTypes},  {"i128", allNumberTypes},  {"u8", allNumberTypes},
-        {"i128", allNumberTypes},  {"u8", allNumberTypes},
+        {"u16", allNumberTypes},  {"u32", allNumberTypes},   {"u64", allNumberTypes},
-        {"u16", allNumberTypes},   {"u32", allNumberTypes},
+        {"u128", allNumberTypes}, {"float", allNumberTypes}, {"double", allNumberTypes},
-        {"u64", allNumberTypes},   {"u128", allNumberTypes},
-        {"float", allNumberTypes}, {"double", allNumberTypes},
     };
 
     if (!castMatrix.count(fromT->name))
@@ -148,12 +162,16 @@ static bool canBeCastedTo(std::unique_ptr<Expr> &from,
 
 class TypeAnalysisVisitor1 : public BaseASTVisitor {
 public:
-  virtual std::any visit(NamedTypeName &namedTypeName,
+  virtual std::any visit(NamedTypeName &namedTypeName, std::any param) override {
-                         std::any param) override {
     namedTypeName.type = resolveTypeName(&namedTypeName);
     return std::any();
   }
 
+  virtual std::any visit(PointerTypeName &pointerTypeName, std::any param) override {
+    pointerTypeName.type = resolveTypeName(&pointerTypeName);
+    return std::any();
+  }
+
   virtual std::any visit(VarDecl &varDecl, std::any param) override {
     if (!varDecl.typeName.get() || !varDecl.symbol.get())
       return std::any();
@@ -178,8 +196,7 @@ public:
 
   virtual std::any visit(FnDecl &fnDecl, std::any param) override {
     if (!(fnDecl.body.get() && fnDecl.body->alywasReturns())) {
-      errors::put(fnDecl.error("function '" + fnDecl.name +
+      errors::put(fnDecl.error("function '" + fnDecl.name + "' does not always return a value"));
-                               "' does not always return a value"));
     }
 
     if (!fnDecl.symbol.get())
@@ -203,8 +220,7 @@ public:
       }
     }
 
-    fnDecl.symbol->type =
+    fnDecl.symbol->type = std::make_shared<FunctionType>(paramTypes, returnType);
-        std::make_shared<FunctionType>(paramTypes, returnType);
 
     return std::any();
   }
@@ -214,12 +230,16 @@ class TypeAnalysisVisitor2 : public BaseASTVisitor {
   std::shared_ptr<Type> currentReturnType = nullptr;
 
 public:
-  virtual std::any visit(NamedTypeName &namedTypeName,
+  virtual std::any visit(NamedTypeName &namedTypeName, std::any param) override {
-                         std::any param) override {
     namedTypeName.type = resolveTypeName(&namedTypeName);
     return std::any();
   }
 
+  virtual std::any visit(PointerTypeName &pointerTypeName, std::any param) override {
+    pointerTypeName.type = resolveTypeName(&pointerTypeName);
+    return std::any();
+  }
+
   virtual std::any visit(VarDecl &varDecl, std::any param) override {
     if (!varDecl.typeName.get() || !varDecl.symbol.get())
       return std::any();
@@ -315,6 +335,12 @@ public:
     return std::any();
   }
 
+  virtual std::any visit(StringValue &stringValue, std::any param) override {
+    stringValue.type = std::make_shared<PointerType>(std::make_shared<PrimitiveType>("u8"));
+
+    return std::any();
+  }
+
   virtual std::any visit(FloatValue &floatValue, std::any param) override {
     if ((float_t)floatValue.value == floatValue.value) {
       floatValue.type = std::make_shared<PrimitiveType>("float");
@@ -353,11 +379,6 @@ public:
     if (!assignStmt.lval.get() || !assignStmt.rval->type.get())
       return std::any();
 
-    if (!utils::is<Identifier>(assignStmt.lval.get())) {
-      errors::put(assignStmt.error("invalid lvalue"));
-      return std::any();
-    }
-
     if (!tryAssignTo(assignStmt.rval, assignStmt.lval->type)) {
       errors::put(assignStmt.error("assignment type mismatch"));
       return std::any();
@@ -387,14 +408,16 @@ public:
     BaseASTVisitor::visit(ifStmt, param);
 
     // do not multiplicate errors
-    if (ifStmt.condition.get() && ifStmt.condition->type.get()) {
+    if (!ifStmt.condition.get() || !ifStmt.condition->type.get())
-      if (!utils::is<PrimitiveType>(ifStmt.condition->type.get())) {
+      return std::any();
-        errors::put(ifStmt.error("condition must be of primitive type"));
+
+    if (!utils::is<PrimitiveType>(ifStmt.condition->type.get()) &&
+        !utils::is<PointerType>(ifStmt.condition->type.get())) {
+      errors::put(ifStmt.error("condition must be of primitive or pointer type"));
     } else {
       // cast condition to int (to make sure jnz succeeds)
       castTo(ifStmt.condition, std::make_shared<PrimitiveType>("i32"));
     }
-    }
 
     return std::any();
   }
@@ -409,7 +432,7 @@ public:
         return std::any();
       } else {
         // cast condition to int (to make sure jnz succeeds)
-        castTo(whileStmt.condition, std::make_shared<PrimitiveType>("i32"));
+        castTo(whileStmt.condition, std::make_shared<PrimitiveType>("i64"));
       }
     }
 
@@ -437,8 +460,7 @@ public:
       return std::any();
     }
 
-    size_t smallerArgCount =
+    size_t smallerArgCount = std::min(functionType->paramTypes.size(), callExpr.args.size());
-        std::min(functionType->paramTypes.size(), callExpr.args.size());
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < smallerArgCount; i++) {
       if (!callExpr.args[i].get() || !functionType->paramTypes[i].get())
@@ -495,8 +517,7 @@ public:
     case BinOp::DIV: {
       if (!tryAssignTo(binExpr.rhs, binExpr.lhs->type)) {
         if (!tryAssignTo(binExpr.lhs, binExpr.rhs->type)) {
-          errors::put(
+          errors::put(binExpr.error("operands incompatible, explicit cast required"));
-              binExpr.error("operands incompatible, explicit cast required"));
           return std::any();
         }
       }
@@ -506,10 +527,8 @@ public:
       break;
     }
     case BinOp::MOD: {
-      auto lhsSuccess =
+      auto lhsSuccess = tryAssignTo(binExpr.lhs, std::make_shared<PrimitiveType>("i64"));
-          tryAssignTo(binExpr.lhs, std::make_shared<PrimitiveType>("i64"));
+      auto rhsSuccess = tryAssignTo(binExpr.rhs, std::make_shared<PrimitiveType>("i64"));
-      auto rhsSuccess =
-          tryAssignTo(binExpr.rhs, std::make_shared<PrimitiveType>("i64"));
 
       if (!lhsSuccess || !rhsSuccess) {
         errors::put(binExpr.error("operands must be of integer type"));
@@ -526,8 +545,7 @@ public:
     case BinOp::GE: {
       if (!tryAssignTo(binExpr.rhs, binExpr.lhs->type)) {
         if (!tryAssignTo(binExpr.lhs, binExpr.rhs->type)) {
-          errors::put(
+          errors::put(binExpr.error("operands incompatible, explicit cast required"));
-              binExpr.error("operands incompatible, explicit cast required"));
           return std::any();
         }
       }
@@ -549,6 +567,38 @@ public:
 
     return std::any();
   }
+
+  virtual std::any visit(InlineAsmConstraint &constraint, std::any param) override {
+    if (constraint.constraint.empty()) {
+      errors::put(constraint.error("inline assembly constraint cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    // For simplicity, assume constraints are string-based and should match
+    // certain patterns. You can add regex-based validation if needed.
+
+    BaseASTVisitor::visit(constraint, param);
+
+    return std::any();
+  }
+
+  virtual std::any visit(InlineAsm &inlineAsm, std::any param) override {
+    if (inlineAsm.code.empty()) {
+      errors::put(inlineAsm.error("inline assembly code cannot be empty"));
+      return std::any();
+    }
+
+    BaseASTVisitor::visit(inlineAsm, param);
+
+    for (const auto &clobber : inlineAsm.clobbers) {
+      if (clobber.empty()) {
+        errors::put(inlineAsm.error("clobber cannot be empty"));
+      }
+      // Optionally, check if clobber registers are valid (e.g., using a
+      // whitelist of registers).
+    }
+
+    return std::any();
+  }
 };
 
 } // namespace

examples/new.plsm

@@ -1,22 +1,35 @@
-fun addFirst(n : i32) i32 {
+fun write(fd : i64, msg : &u8, len : u64) i64 {
-  var result : i32;
+  inline asm (
-  result = 0;
+    "mov $0, %rax"         // syscall: write
+    "mov $1, %rdi"         // file descriptor: stdout
+    "mov $2, %rsi"         // message to write
+    "mov $3, %rdx"         // length of message
+    "syscall"              // make the syscall
+    :
+    : "r"(1 as i64), "r"(1 as i64), "r"(msg), "r"(len)  // input: different params
+    : "rax", "rdi", "rsi", "rdx"                        // clobbered registers
+  );
 
-  var i : i32;
+  ret 0;
-  i = 0;
-  while (i < n) {
-    result = result + i;
-    i = i + 1;
-  }
-
-  ret result;
 }
 
-// fun f(n : i32) i32 {
+fun exit(code : u8) i64 {
-//   if (n < 2) ret n;
+  inline asm (
-//   ret f(n - 1);
+    "mov $0, %rax"
-// }
+    "mov $1, %rdi"
+    "syscall"
+    :
+    : "r"(60 as i64), "r"(code as i64)
+    : "rax", "rdi"
+  );
+
+  ret 0;
+}
 
 fun main(argc : i32) u8 {
-  ret addFirst(argc) as u8;
+  write(1, "Hello World!\n", 14);
+  write(1, "Ə Ɛ Ƒ ƒ Ɠ Ɣ ƕ Ɩ Ɨ Ƙ ƙ ƚ ƛ Ɯ Ɲ ƞ Ɵ Ơ ơ Ƣ ƣ Ƥ ƥ\n", 69);
+  exit(10);
+
+  ret 0;
 }